Agricultural Products

  To view changing data, hover over or touch the animated graphic below.

Change from 2017 to 2018:

• U.S. total exports: Increased by $2.0 billion (1.3 percent) to $154.9 billion
• U.S. general imports: Increased by $9.3 billion (6.3 percent) to $156.6 billion

The value of total U.S. agricultural exports rose by $2.0 billion (1.3 percent) to $154.9 billion in 2018, increasing for the third consecutive year after falling sharply in 2015.^[1] However, the increase in agricultural exports in 2018 was at half the rate of the prior year. By country, U.S. agricultural exports to South Korea increased by $1.6 billion (21.1 percent) in 2018, the most for any country (table AG.1). The largest decrease in U.S. agricultural exports by country in 2018 involved exports to China, which declined by $10.6 billion (50.5 percent). Gains in U.S. agricultural exports to all countries were led by increased exports of cereals, animal feed, and cattle and beef, which accounted for nearly 70 percent of the increase in U.S. exports in 2018. This increase was partially offset by decreases in exports of oilseeds, hides and skins, and prepared and preserved vegetables (table AG.2).

U.S. agricultural imports rose by $9.3 billion (6.3 percent) to $156.6 billion. By country, U.S. imports of agricultural products from Mexico increased the most in 2018, with a $1.6 billion (6.1 percent) rise (table AG.1). Increases in U.S. agricultural imports from all countries were led by infant formulas, malt extracts, and other edible food preparations; distilled spirits; fresh and frozen fish; and fresh vegetables, which together accounted for over half of the increase in U.S. imports in 2018. Decreases in U.S. agricultural imports were led by declines in coffee and tea, swine and pork, and cocoa, chocolate, and confectionery (table AG.2).

Table AG.1 Agricultural products: U.S. exports and general imports, by selected trading partners, 2014–18

	Million $
Item	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	Absolute change, 2017–18	Percent change, 2017–18
U.S. total exports:
Canada	23,785	22,513	21,882	22,127	22,190	62	0.3
Mexico	19,495	17,835	17,966	18,682	19,175	493	2.6
China	25,676	21,567	22,831	20,940	10,370	-10,569	-50.5
Japan	14,232	12,303	12,017	12,844	13,799	955	7.4
South Korea	7,458	6,708	6,802	7,425	8,992	1,567	21.1
Vietnam	2,541	2,505	2,923	2,785	4,249	1,464	52.6
Indonesia	2,913	2,185	2,670	2,893	3,116	223	7.7
France	826	761	785	745	847	102	13.6
Italy	1,419	1,293	1,201	1,170	1,467	297	25.4
India	1,094	1,251	1,422	1,898	1,759	-139	-7.3
All other	59,260	52,166	52,073	55,090	62,290	7,200	13.1
Total domestic exports	158,700	141,087	142,572	146,600	148,255	1,655	1.1
Foreign exports	5,729	5,543	6,054	6,365	6,689	324	5.1
Total U.S. exports (domestic and foreign)	164,429	146,630	148,626	152,965	154,944	1,979	1.3
U.S. general imports:
Canada	26,437	25,287	25,243	26,079	26,890	811	3.1
Mexico	21,218	23,008	24,888	26,700	28,316	1,616	6.1
China	7,008	6,801	6,721	7,068	7,724	656	9.3
Japan	782	828	916	915	988	72	7.9
South Korea	673	739	810	843	864	20	2.4
Vietnam	3,365	3,132	3,518	3,743	3,854	112	3.0
Indonesia	3,561	3,512	3,621	4,319	4,208	-112	-2.6
France	4,690	4,826	5,216	5,585	6,225	639	11.4
Italy	4,513	4,620	4,823	5,043	5,400	357	7.1
India	4,446	3,841	3,512	4,652	4,795	143	3.1
All other	59,648	60,366	59,865	62,411	67,352	4,941	7.9
Total general imports	136,341	136,958	139,132	147,359	156,615	9,256	6.3

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Note: Import values are based on U.S. customs value; export values are based on free alongside ship value, U.S. port of export. Calculations are based on unrounded data. The countries are sorted by those with the largest total U.S. trade (U.S. general imports plus U.S. domestic exports) in these products in the most recent year.

 

U.S. Exports

U.S. agricultural exports experienced limited gains in 2017–18, as the ongoing recovery to 2014 export levels slowed to the lowest annual rate of increase in the last two years. Sources indicate that U.S. tariffs and foreign trade actions in response to these tariffs played a substantial role in driving the changes in U.S. agricultural exports^.[2]  On a product basis, U.S. cereals experienced the largest increase in exports, followed by animal feeds and by cattle and beef. Oilseeds experienced the largest decrease in exports, followed by hides, skins, and leather, prepared and preserved vegetables, and swine and pork (table AG.2).

Table AG.2 Agricultural products: Leading changes in U.S. exports and imports, 2014—18

	Million $
Item	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	Absolute change, 2017–18	Percent change, 2017–18
U.S. total exports:
Increases:
Cereals (AG030)	22,274	18,505	18,594	18,224	20,613	2,389	13.1
Animal feeds (AG013)	14,456	13,510	12,075	11,812	13,780	1,968	16.7
Cattle and beef (AG002)	6,847	5,968	6,071	7,131	8,216	1,085	15.2
Decreases:
Oilseeds (AG032)	24,219	19,153	23,140	21,757	17,421	-4,336	-19.9
Hides, skins, and leather (AG046)	3,718	3,051	2,626	2,591	2,104	-487	-18.8
Prepared or preserved vegetables, mushrooms, and olives (AG019)	3,614	3,529	3,655	3,699	3,341	-358	-9.7
Swine and pork (AG003)	5,671	4,608	4,972	5,423	5,226	-197	-3.6
All other	77,901	72,763	71,439	75,963	77,554	1,591	2.1
Total	158,700	141,087	142,572	146,600	148,255	1,655	1.1
U.S. general imports:
Increases:
Infant formulas, malt extracts, and other edible preparations (AG036)	2,537	2,629	2,806	2,922	6,020	3,099	106.1
Distilled spirits (AG042)	7,122	7,276	7,682	7,872	8,624	752	9.6
Fresh or frozen fish (AG006)	7,256	7,096	7,599	8,222	8,962	740	9.0
Fresh, chilled, or frozen vegetables (AG018)	7,462	7,783	8,735	8,706	9,154	447	5.1
Decreases:
Coffee and tea (AG028)	6,954	6,927	6,621	7,215	6,619	-596	-8.3
Swine and pork (AG003)	1,916	1,692	1,643	1,777	1,591	-186	-10.5
Cocoa, chocolate, and confectionery (AG037)	6,410	6,513	6,864	6,814	6,650	-165	-2.4
All other	96,684	97,042	97,181	103,830	108,995	5,164	5.0
Total	136,341	136,958	139,132	147,359	156,615	9,256	6.3

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Note: Import values are based on U.S. customs value; export values are based on free alongside ship value, U.S. port of export. Calculations are based on unrounded data.

U.S. exports of cereals increased by $2.4 billion (13.1 percent) to reach $20.6 billion (table AG.2). Exports of U.S. corn increased by over $650 million each to Japan (up 31 percent) and South Korea (up 92 percent) in 2018.^[3] In Japan, there is strong demand for corn from the poultry sector, especially because feed producers are substituting corn for rice in their feed formulas as rice production is increasingly diverted to table consumption.^[4] In South Korea, growing demand for U.S. corn is coming from two sources: from the poultry and swine sectors for feed, and from food manufacturers for human consumption.^[5] U.S. corn exports to Vietnam increased by $353 million in 2018 from just over $2.0 million in 2017 after Vietnam eased fumigation requirements for U.S. corn shipments, while Vietnamese demand for animal feeds continued to grow steadily.^[6] U.S. corn exports to Mexico increased by $430 million (16 percent) in 2018 as demand for corn for use in feeding animals, particularly poultry, continued to expand.^[7]

The increase in U.S. corn exports was offset by decreases in U.S. exports of other cereal products, especially wheat, which fell by $685 million (11 percent) in 2018.^[8] Additional duties on U.S. cereals, including wheat, were reportedly one of the main causes of the decrease. ^[9] (For more information, see the Special Topic: Section 232 and 301 Trade Actions in 2018.)^[10] Wheat exports to China alone decreased by $246 million (70 percent).^[11] While Mexico did not impose tariffs on U.S. wheat, exports to Mexico decreased by $198 million (23 percent).^[12] This decline was reportedly due to concerns that the Mexican government might impose additional duties on U.S. wheat. These concerns drove Mexican processors to seek alternative sources of supply, in particular cheaper wheat from Russia.^[13]

Exports of U.S. oilseeds declined by $4.3 billion (19.9 percent) overall in 2018 (table AG.2). All of the decrease in U.S. exports of oilseeds was due to lower soybean exports, with exports to China decreasing by $9.1 billion (4 percent) following China’s imposition of additional duties on imports of U.S. soybeans. (For more information, see the Special Topic chapter.)^[14] These decreases were partially offset by increased purchases of U.S. soybeans by other countries due to (1) low U.S. prices resulting from a large U.S. harvest and the decline in shipments to China, and (2) the diversion of the Brazilian supply to China, as a result of which the United States became a supplier for markets traditionally supplied by Brazil.^[15]

For instance, Argentina went from importing a minimal amount of U.S. soybeans in 2017 ($380,524) to importing $719 million in 2018.^[16] While this was due in large part to a drought that reduced the Argentine soybean harvest by a third, another important factor was the reduced availability of Brazilian soybeans.^[17] Another notable shift involved Iran, which bought 12 times more soybeans from the United States in 2018 than in 2017, for a total of $309 million. This is reportedly because of the 20 percent decline in U.S. soybean prices after China imposed additional duties on certain U.S. products in July 2018. This price decline coincided with Iranians’ stockpiling of basic food goods, including soybeans, before U.S. sanctions resumed in November.^[18] For Iran, U.S. soybeans were nearly $60 per ton cheaper than South American soybeans.^[19]

China’s imposition of additional duties on U.S. soybeans also reportedly affected the value of U.S. exports of processed agricultural goods like animal feeds,^[20] which increased by $2 billion (16.7 percent) to $13.8 billion in 2018. Among the animal feeds exported, processed soybean products (oilcake and flour) saw increases of $1.3 billion (34 percent).^[21] This was driven by the wide margin between the lower cost of raw soybeans (following China’s imposition of additional duties on U.S. soybeans) and the higher value of the processed products.^[22] This created an incentive to process record amounts of soybeans in the United States, which in turn led to an increase in U.S. exports of processed U.S. soybeans.^[23] U.S. exports of processed soybean products were further supported by the drought impacting production in Argentina, the world’s largest exporter of soybean meal.^[24] This led to several countries markedly increasing their imports from the United States. For example, the value of U.S. soybean oilcake exports to Vietnam surged from just over $3 million in 2017 to $194 million in 2018.^[25] Italy went from importing $11,167 of soybean oilcake in 2017 to $48 million in 2018.^[26]

The value of exports of hides, skins, and leather fell by $487 million (18.8 percent) in 2018 (table AG.2). Over 50 percent of this decrease was due to a $274 million (34 percent) drop in the value of exports of whole bovine hides and skins weighing over 16 kg to China.^[27] Both quantity and prices decreased: quantity fell by 2 million hides (19 percent), and the average unit value fell by $12.16 (19 percent). Observers noted as reasons for the decline that U.S. cattle slaughter was up 2.7 percent since 2017, and that demand in China, the main global and U.S. export market for skins, hides, and leather products, had cooled.^[28] Additionally, China applied an additional 5 percent duty on these unfinished bovine hides at the end of September 2018 (for more information, see the Special Topic chapter).^[29]

Exports of prepared or preserved vegetables decreased by $358 million (9.7 percent) in 2018 (table AG.2). This decline was led by pulses (dried leguminous vegetables including chickpeas and lentils), exports of which decreased by $304 million (36 percent) in value and 384 million kg (37 percent) in quantity.^[30]  Newly imposed Indian tariffs ranging from 50 to 66 percent on certain pulses contributed to the decline in U.S. exports of pulses. These tariffs were reportedly intended to close India’s valuable market to imports in order to support domestic producers, who faced low prices after two years of high output.^[31] U.S. pulses were also subject to an additional 10 percent duty in the Indian market in response to U.S. tariffs on steel, as well as additional duties from China and the EU.^[32] In addition, producers in the United States had a bumper crop in 2018. Since 60 percent of output is usually exported, this left little room for the domestic market to absorb both a large crop and the loss of exports.^[33] Unlike the situation with soybeans, there was little diversion and increased purchases from other countries, because other pulse- and legume-producing countries, such as Canada, were also impacted by the Indian tariffs and had strong harvests as well.^[34] This global oversupply drove down purchases of U.S. pulses and legumes across nearly all export markets.^[35]

Exports of U.S. swine and pork products, which were on track for a record-breaking export year in the first half of 2018, decreased by $197 million (3.6 percent) in 2018 (table AG.2). Frozen swine offal and frozen bone-in pork cuts had the largest declines, with decreases of $212 million (26 percent) and $59 million (32 percent), respectively.^[36] These decreases followed the imposition of additional duties by China and Mexico on U.S. pork products (for more information, see the Special Topic chapter).^[37] Pork and swine exports to China decreased by $158 million (32 percent), with offal comprising 76 percent of that decrease.^[38] The value of exports of pork and swine products to Mexico declined by $186 million (14 percent), with offal decreasing by $32 million (24 percent) in value and 12 million kg (14 percent) in volume.^[39] Some of this decline was driven by lower prices: for example, fresh bone-in pork cuts decreased by 12 percent in value, despite increasing 4 percent in volume.^[40] The decline in prices  was largely due to two factors: increased U.S. pork production resulted in higher levels of supply, and the fact that reportedly the U.S. pork industry largely refrained from passing the costs of the additional duties on to Mexican consumers in order to maintain their share of the valuable Mexican market.^[41]

Cattle and beef exports rose by $1.1 billion (15.2 percent) in 2018 (table AG.2). Nearly half of this increase is attributable to expanded exports to South Korea, with cattle and beef exports to that country increasing by $524 million (43 percent) in 2018.^[42] Beef production in the United States has not only been increasing but has also been outpacing growth in domestic consumption, leading to competitive pricing of U.S. beef in export markets.^[43] At the same time, South Korean beef production has been declining, while domestic consumption, driven by rising incomes, has been growing.^[44] Sixty percent of the beef consumed in South Korea is imported, with the United States and Australia being the main suppliers.^[45] The United States enjoyed a 5.3 percent tariff advantage over Australia in the South Korean market in 2018.^[46]

 

U.S. Imports

U.S. imports of agricultural products in 2018 increased at the same rate as in 2017. Increases in U.S. agricultural imports were led by imports of infant formulas, malt extracts, and other edible food preparations; distilled spirits; fresh and frozen fish; and fresh vegetables. Decreases in U.S. agricultural imports were led by declines in coffee and tea, swine and pork, and cocoa, chocolate, and confectionery (table AG.2).

From 2017 to 2018, U.S. imports in the broad product group encompassing infant formulas, malt extracts, and other edible food preparations increased by $3.1 billion (106.1 percent). Much of the increase within this group is attributable to imports of miscellaneous preparations for beverage manufacturing from Singapore. These imports jumped by $2.6 billion (376,119 percent) from $3 million in 2017 in terms of value, and by 16 million kg (9,816 percent) from 800,000 kg in 2017 in terms of volume. The sharp increase followed beverage manufacturers’ investments in Singapore production facilities.^[47]

Imports of distilled spirits increased by $752 million (9.6 percent) in 2018 (table AG 02). U.S. imports of tequila from Mexico increased by $291 million (29 percent) in value and 12 million liters (15 percent) in volume.^[48] Imports of Irish and Scotch whiskies from Ireland and the United Kingdom grew by $55 million (14 percent) and $113 million (8 percent) in value, respectively.^[49] The quantity of whiskey imported from Ireland increased by 2 million liters (9 percent), while imports of whiskies from the United Kingdom increased by over 1 million liters (2 percent).^[50] These increases were primarily driven by booming U.S. demand for these spirits, which can only be produced in their respective geographic locations.^[51] Much of this increase in demand, especially for tequila, was in the top-end, premium-priced segment of the market.^[52]

U.S. imports of fresh and frozen fish increased by $740 million (9.0 percent; table AG.2) in 2018, $522 million of the increase was attributed to salmon, frozen catfish and similar species, and trout.^[53] Imports of frozen fillets of various catfish and similar species from Vietnam, which supplied 94 percent ($514 million) of U.S. imports of these products in 2018, increased by $173 million (51 percent).^[54] Much of that rise in value is due to a 37 percent increase in price, as the cost of production in Vietnam, which had been relatively low, went up in 2018. (Vietnamese production costs rose as a result of higher input prices caused by expanding producer demand for inputs.)^[55] However, the quantity of Vietnamese exports of catfish and similar species to the United States also increased—by 10 percent or 11 million kg—since U.S. production in 2018 yielded low amounts of fish of marketable size.^[56] Imports of salmon and trout from Chile and Norway were up as well; they grew $329 million (21 percent), an increase of 30 million kg (21 percent), as U.S. demand for these fish continued to rise.^[57] Of this increase, $204 million (62 percent) involved fresh salmon fillets from Chile, stemming from an increase in production and a $1.64 per kg price advantage over Norway.^[58]

The value of U.S. imports of fresh, chilled, or frozen vegetables increased by $447 million (5.1 percent) in 2018 (table AG.2).^[59] U.S. imports of peppers and of fall, winter, and spring tomatoes from Mexico increased in value by $340 million (14 percent).^[60] This increase in value was driven by a rise in average unit prices for these products of $0.11 (9 percent), though volume also increased, rising by 94 million kg (5 percent).^[61] This growth in volume stemmed from strong U.S. demand for tomatoes and peppers, coupled with a reduction in U.S. and Mexican supplies.^[62] Florida and Georgia, two of the main domestic suppliers of fall, winter, and spring tomatoes, suffered crop damage because of Hurricane Michael in October 2018.^[63] Producers in Florida reportedly also limited plantings in response to soft markets in recent years.^[64] At the same time, production of peppers in Mexico was reduced by poor weather conditions.^[65]

Coffee and tea imports decreased by $596 million (8.3 percent) in 2018 (table AG.2). Imports of unroasted coffee alone decreased by $492 million (10 percent) in value and by 40 million kg (3 percent) in volume.^[66] Oversupply in the global coffee market caused coffee prices to fall 18 percent in 2018 to their lowest levels since 2006.^[67] Much of this oversupply came from two years of record production in Brazil, which accounts for 30 percent of global production and is regarded as the international price setter.^[68] This situation particularly affected other Latin American countries, where small farms, already impacted by crop disease, increasingly found themselves no longer profitable. U.S. imports from Brazil in 2018 declined by $113 million (11 percent) by value even as they increased by 8.8 million kg (3 percent) in volume, while imports from Colombia, Honduras, and Nicaragua saw a combined decrease of $235 million (13 percent) in value and 29 million kg (6 percent) in volume.^[69] With prices so low, Latin American producers have been putting off making productivity improvements, a choice that will likely impact production and the market for the next few years.^[70]

Imports of swine and pork decreased by $186 million (10.5 percent) in 2018 (table AG.2). Imports from Canada alone decreased by $185 million (15 percent), representing 84,000 fewer live animals (10 percent) and a 41 million kg (17 percent) decrease in meat cuts.^[71] Canadian pork production decreased by 29,000 metric tons (1 percent) in 2018 due to productivity impacts from a 2017 outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv).^[72] Canadian pork prices, which are tied to U.S. pork prices, fell by 30 percent in 2018.^[73] Meanwhile, U.S. pork production increased by 331,000 metric tons (3 percent), nearly 1 percent more than U.S. domestic consumption, at a time when other major U.S. export markets put tariffs in place for pork.^[74]

Imports of cocoa, chocolate, and confectionery decreased by $165 million (2.4 percent, table AG.2), driven by declines in imports of cocoa beans that affected both quantity and pricing.^[75] In 2018, the United States imported $138.6 million (19 percent) fewer beans from Côte d’Ivoire than in 2017 and $71 million (38 percent) fewer beans from Ghana, a combined 41 million kg (11 percent) decline in quantity.^[76] At the same time, average unit prices for cocoa imports from Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana fell 11 percent and 28 percent, respectively.^[77] Harvests in these two countries, together responsible for 60 percent of global production, were depressed by low precipitation in 2018.^[78] This decrease in production followed two years of oversupply.^[79]

 

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